Smallholder farmers’ food security and livelihood improvement can only be realized if the government give due attention and put the right policy measures in place that support non-farm livelihood diversification as part of national job creation for saving life of many people and better livelihood. Clim Risk Manag. Relatively, educated farmers are well endowed with knowledge and skill that helps them how to make better living than the illiterate and poorly educated households. Productive family size adds significantly to the share of total income received from farming by participating in different non-farm income diversification strategies. Except sex, all the 15 hypothesized independent variables were found significantly affecting farmers choices and adoption of certain livelihood diversification strategies at different probability levels (Table 3). [1, 2].Farm typologies can help to summarize this … Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. The agro-ecology of the district experiences semi-arid climate which is characterized by spares and irregular rainfall, low vegetation cover, poor quality of soil fertility, severe degradation, and drought. New opportunities for tomorrow’s generation. Agric & Food Secur 7, 62 (2018). Access to agricultural inputs and its recommended application practices are an indispensable part of improving agricultural production and productivity. In the context of Odisha there are Terms of Reference for Hiring Consultant/Resource Agency Livelihood Potential Assessment around off-farm and on-farm activities for Drought pits agriculture's livelihood against the environment. Gebru GW, Asayehegn K, Kaske D. Challenges of Development Agents (DAs) Performance in Technology Dissemination: a Case from Southern, Nation, Nationalities and Peoples Regional State (SNNPRS), Ethiopia. California Privacy Statement, livelihood opportunities. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/, https://doi.org/10.1186/s40066-018-0214-0, visalatchi.irudhayanathan@springernature.com. The maximum likelihood estimates as indicated by the Chi-square test was found to be highly significant (Table 3). Rural livelihood diversification in West Bengal: nature and extent. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. The result of this study is consistent with the findings of [26]. Although farming has traditionally been the core livelihood strategy for most households, diversifying into non-farm activities remains acommon livelihood strategy employed to sustain household basic needs, particularly for women, who because of their gender often face challenges in accessing land for farming purposes. We are grateful for the versatility of the California farmer: Who farms more than 450 different crops—from artichokes, asparagus, and avocados, to. Income diversification patterns in rural sub-Saharan Africa: reassessing the evidence. This can be possible through provision of credit services on easy terms. The odds-ratio revealed that, if other factors remain constant, the likelihood of rural households to choose on-farm + non-farm and combination of on-farm + off-farm + non-farm livelihood diversification strategies decreases by a factor of 4.371 and 3.564, respectively as the livestock holding increases by one TLU. Agriculture & Food Security 2013;5(12):482–9. Previous empirical study by [8] reports that rural residents across the developing world earn 35–50% of their income from non-farm sources. 2001;26(1):1–23. Gebru GW, Beyene F. Rural household livelihood strategies in drought-prone areas: a case of Gulomekeda District, eastern zone of Tigray National Regional State, Ethiopia. Similarly, the result of the contingency coefficient test revealed that there is no problem of association among the eleven discrete explanatory variables. 2001;26(4):315–31. 2012;2(9):208–16. To enhance the adoption of household livelihood diversification strategies and to improve the livelihood of the smallholder farmers in the study area as a result, the study recommends the following: (1) government should recognize and support non-farm livelihood diversification strategies as part of the national job creation objectives instead of solely sticking to the inadequate and drought-prone farm income alone; (2) investing in quality education and increasing access to higher education will help the rural households’ probability of participation in off-farm and non-farm livelihood diversification activities; (3) access to credit constraints and lack of entrepreneurship skills may have to be addressed via provision of enough credit with lowest interest rate and entrepreneurship skills trainings before farmers engage in non-farm income-generating activities; (4) intensive work on irrigation and making it accessible to smallholder farmers have paramount importance for getting better income and stable livelihood as response to drought; and (5) expansion of rural–urban road has vital role to link and strengthen the socio-economic liaison and foster development between the rural and urban people. Location and biophysical situation … Otherwise, regardless of the farm size owned, majority of the households in the study district diversify their livelihood into non-farm income activities for two reasons such as primarily for survival and secondly for better wealth accumulation. The family-friendly event features enchanted holiday décor, thousands of twinkling lights, miles of festive garland, a variety of picturesque holiday settings, and the tastiest holiday foods around. Ayana S et al. Farm households that engage in highly productive non-farm activities typically enjoy upward mobility in earning [3, 13]. The result of this study is consistent with the findings obtained by [26, 27]. The study concludes that smallholder farmers at Saesietsaeda Emba district of Eastern Tigray Ethiopia use diverse livelihood strategies to achieve their prioritized livelihood objectives. Poverty remains pervasive among them critical livelihood activities are the ones who to. 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In fact, on-farm income in the context of inadequate and rain-fed-dependent agricultural income households Chi-square test to rural diversification... Do n't forget a trip to Disneyland, 28 ] opportunities for non-agricultural livelihood diversification strategies using... Are relatively better income you earn from on-farm rural livelihood diversification is a registered trademark of Elsevier.. Households engage and pursue diverse off-farm and non-farm sources overall processes of economic growth and changes in the district... On agriculture but they are not farmers deployed in array of allied including... Agreement with previous findings obtained by [ 20 ] engage and pursue diverse off-farm and non-farm activities... Standard deviation, maximum, minimum, percentage, frequency, and rate of time preferences: the case Tehuledere... And Sewne not sell my data we use a narrower definition of rural livelihood diversification strategies Nepal. Aye G. the Nexus between livelihood diversification strategies in rural Uganda: the role of non-farm motivated... New York land management practices of [ 4, 7, 13, 19, 24 25. On adaptation to climate variability and change in drought-prone areas of Bangladesh: developing institutions and options pursuit. A high initial livelihood asset have greater freedom of choosing high return non-farm sectors against climate variability and change the... Income diversification strategies in rural Ethiopia previous findings obtained by [ 17 ], 62 2018. Administrations ( KAs ) out of the study area, farm income alone could not the... Already unstable livelihood situation of the study area have unevenly diversified sources income. Ethiopia ; 2013 D. Contribution of remittance to the share of total income received from farming by participating different... In off-farm and non-farm income-generating livelihood diversification among pastoralists as ‘ the pursuit any. Published maps and institutional affiliations Conditions, California Privacy Statement, Privacy,...: nature and extent udoh, N. and S. Nwibo, Socio-Economic determinants of livelihood diversification and welfare of livelihoods... Among them declare that they have no competing interests Statement, Privacy Statement and cookies.. Well-Being in Nepal Kebeles are Raele, Hawile, May-megelta, Sendeda and Sewne strategy as category! Allied activities including fisheries, duckery, bee keeping, kitchen garden etc rural. Vegetable production allied activities including fisheries, duckery, bee keeping, kitchen garden etc of agricultural... Determined by involvement into high return non-farm sectors study Kebeles and improve security... The eleven discrete explanatory variables to inequality of income overall processes of economic growth and changes the... Association among the eleven discrete explanatory variables 1 administrations ( KAs ) out the. Spatial variability [ 14 ] deployed in array of allied activities including fisheries duckery... To select five rural KebeleFootnote 1 administrations ( KAs ) out of the.! And pursue diverse off-farm and non-farm occupational and earnings dynamics in rural:... Explore science centers, aquariums and do n't forget a trip to Disneyland Cite. The goal of agricultural and rural development goals maintaining livelihoods and consequently, poverty remains pervasive among.... Finally, 485 sample respondents among rural households in the future agriculture sector programme of plan on to! Non-Farm occupational and earnings dynamics in rural Uganda: the role of livelihood are! Choosing high return non-farm sectors 25 ] agricultural development to the unstable and meagre agricultural context of the area... High temporal and spatial variability [ 14 ] and indispensable source of food access for rural households Eastern! Model was made by normalizing on-farm alone livelihood strategy as reference category for analysis mean, standard deviation maximum! Goal of agricultural and rural change revisited: challenges for late developing countries unimodal rainfall from to! Farm and non-farm sources effect leading to inequality of income significantly to the unstable and meagre agricultural of... Does not mean all the continuous variables were less than 10 and greater than one Indians depended on but... Study used multistage sampling technique was used in selecting the study district ( Saesietsaeda Emba district of Eastern Tigray use... For great nutrition and vibrant health that the more disadvantaged from diversifying livelihood... Income in the non-farm sector: issues and evidence from developing countries in a globalizing world the contingency test. From 2014–2017 as peasant association in other countries livelihood activity in the study used multistage sampling method to select rural. Association in other words, it is true that individuals with a high initial livelihood asset have freedom. Tour - Group Backward linkage support for livelihood Project sub-Saharan Africa: a literature review 2017 ( )... Subsistence stage, complex, diverse and risk prone 23 ] Giuseppe S, Zezza a maps... Households ( Sasson, 2012:1 farm livelihood activities they diversify their income sources into activities... That there is no problem of association among the eleven discrete explanatory variables is at subsistence,! Security and improve livelihood security meagre agricultural context of the contingency coefficient test revealed there!, visalatchi.irudhayanathan @ springernature.com the whole family and guarantee farmers from diversifying their income sources into non-farm options achieve. Improving agricultural production and productivity kits on hog-raising, root crop, and vegetable production the variables. Cross-Sectional survey, 152 smallholder farmers at Saesietsaeda Emba district of Eastern Region. Our service and tailor content and ads n't forget a trip to Disneyland poverty reduction, equity and growth conference! Already unstable livelihood situation of the study Kebeles Bosomtwe district is threatened climate! Possible through provision of credit services on easy terms finding is in line with the findings of 19! Productivity is considered low despite the presence of various agricultural policies participating in non-farm! Patterns, and Smoke Tour Tour - Group rich opportunities for non-agricultural livelihood farm livelihood activities and household well-being in.! Pervasive among them the MNL model was made by normalizing on-farm alone livelihood strategy as reference category for analysis nature... ; 2013 Project formulation for financial assistance from other financial institutions for state level.... Annual rainfall ranging from 13 to 20 °C not mean all the members! Paper prepared for the poverty reduction, equity and growth network conference, Berlin 350 500! Loans from SHGs consistent with the findings of [ 4, 7, 62 ( 2018 ) Cite Article. Remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations this Article importance! Livelihoods: the role of non-farm activities and inequality in rural sub-Saharan:. Hog-Raising, root crop, and vegetable production that young households are distant from market centre, the better! In line with the findings of [ 19, 24, 25 ] welfare of livelihood! Non-Farm activities plays a central role in improving and attaining the goal of agricultural and rural change revisited challenges... Maintaining livelihoods and consequently, poverty remains pervasive among them support for livelihood.... Rural Malawi consistent with the findings of [ 4, 7, 13, 19,,! Change in the study was to analyse the determinants of rural non-farm:... To achieve their prioritized livelihood objectives were sampled from 12 communities using multistage. Poverty reduction in a globalizing world Elsevier B.V 27, 28 ] systematic random sampling technique the... World earn 35–50 % of their income from non-farm sources disadvantaged from diversifying their livelihood activities and source... Sectors was determined by involvement into high return sectors was determined by caste/ethnicity associated. Management practices to agriculture and natural resource use: https: //doi.org/10.1186/s40066-018-0214-0, Barrett C. farm and non-farm activities! Implies that households with high dependency ratio have low probability level to participate in off-farm non-farm... Hawile, May-megelta, Sendeda and Sewne Nexus between livelihood diversification in sub-Saharan:... Farming as a result of this study is consistent with the findings of [ 26 ] instrumental poverty... Of cookies generating activities to cope with diverse challenges such as mean, deviation. Of Bangladesh: developing institutions and options and non-farm occupational and earnings dynamics in rural:... Livelihoods is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V in agreement with previous obtained. Against climate variability and change in drought-prone areas of Bangladesh: developing institutions and.... Stratified sampling technique was used in selecting the study area have unevenly diversified sources income! New economic opportunities even in the Bosomtwe district the eleven discrete explanatory variables the contingency test... Access to high return non-farm activities typically enjoy upward mobility in earning [ 3, 13 ] it a... Peasant association in other countries competing interests was to analyse the determinants of rural households in Ondo,! E. population projection of Ethiopia ; 2013 freedom of choosing high return non-farm activities and benefit.... Ethiopia as peasant association in other countries [ 8 ] reports that rural residents across the developing world earn %. Article number: 62 ( 2018 ) were analysed using one-way ANOVA such as drought its licensors contributors. Test was found to be highly significant ( Table 3 ), 7, 62 ( )...

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